Management and Samsung

Contents I. Introduction – Executive Summary:2 II. Critical Success Factors4 1. Wise R&D Strategy:4 2. Strong intellectual Capital:5 3. Self-weakness recognition5 4. Effective Supply Chain Management7 5. Effective Marketing Strategy:8 6. SAMSUNG’s culture and leadership:10 III. Conclusion14 References:15 I. Introduction – Executive Summary: Electronic products now are the necessary part in household and they provide the conveniences make living of people better. However, the awareness of people now progressively has improved, lead to the higher expectation in quality of products.It provides both opportunities and threats for electronics companies. SAMSUNG is the company which seized the opportunities to growth from small export business to world’s leading electronics company, which specializes in digital appliances and media, semiconductors, memory, and system integration. SAMSUNG was found on 1st of March, 1938 by Byung-Chull Lee in Taegu, Korea with only 30. 000 won. At the start, SAMSUNG focused primarily on trade export, agricultural products such as dried fish, vegetable and fruit to Manchuria and Beijing.Samsung Distribution ChannelWithin a decade, SAMSUNG owned flour mills and confectionary machines became a co-operation in 1951. From 1958, Samsung began to broaden into other businesses such as financial, media, chemicals and ship building during the 1970's before it specialized in electronics manufacturing and continued expand their business on global market in 1990. In 1997 the majority of Korean businesses got smaller in size and Samsung was no exception. They had to sell and dropped some businesses to reduce debt and cut employees down lowering personnel by 50,000.But they managed to control that situation and continue to grow after restructure old businesses and enter the new ones with the aim of becoming one of the world’s top five electronics companies. Adapt with the changing tech world, SAMSUNG gradually became the famous name in electronics markets and now over more than 60 years, SAMSUNG becomes market leader in electronics market when it has market share in almost countries in the world, especially in Asia, the largest market of SAMSUNG.For examining the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) of the multinational corporation, SAMSUNG would be rather useful. It is essential to indicate the following Critical Success Factors of SAMSUNG that were in fact implemented to corporation’s strategy as main precedence in the long-term to become the leader in markets. ?Wise R Strategy ?Strong Intellectual Capital ?Self-Weakness Recognition ?Effective Supply Chain Management ?Effective Marketing Strategy ?SAMSUNG’s culture and leadership

Septoplasty Research Paper

Surgical Procedure Card – Student Case Study # 9 Efren Gonzalez date 4/18/12 Procedure name and purpose/ definition: Septoplasty / bilateral tonsillectomy. ;is a corrective surgical procedure done to straighten the nasal septum. ; surgical procedure in which the tonsils are removed from either side of the throat. What is the prognosis of the procedure? to give a good breathing passage. and to stop inflammation of the tonsils Patient level : adultGender : female Additional pertinent patient/ procedure information: n/a Probable preoperative diagnosis ; Nasal septal deviation ; Tonsillitis Diagnostic intervention ; diviated nasal septal. Discuss the relevant anatomy and physiology;septum – made up primarily of cartilage and bone and covered by mucous membranes. The cartilage also gives shape and support to the outer part of the nose. The nose is the major portal of air exchange between the internal and external environment.The nose participates in the vital functions of co nditioning inspired air toward a temperature of 37 °C and 100% relative humidity, providing local defense and filtering inhaled particulate matter and gases. It also functions in olfaction, which provides both a defense and pleasure for the individual Pathophysiology (disease process). disrupted sleep patterns, headaches List the equipment that will be needed for this procedure: forced air warming device , valley lab bovie, sitting stool, fiber optic headlight,List the instrument pans/sets used: nasal procedures tray, microdrill, endoscopic. list the supplies that will be needed for the procedure. pack =sinus pack blades=#15, drains= penrose 1/4 x 18 (but did not see it on the field used) suture= 3-0 nylon suture, 4-0 vicryl basin set= single drapes=, 1/2 sheet , adhesive strip across the forehead. U drape dressings= 4Ãâ€"4, pharmaceuticals = NS for irrigation 1000cc, lidocaine 0. 5%, epinephrine 1%, lidocaine with epinephrine 1:1 miscellaneous= pens Anesthesia ; GeneralList pati ent’s position and items used for positioning ; supine with pillow under knees. arm resting to her sides. Where razors and clippers used preoperatively : no List the prep solution and perimeters of the skin prep. : Duraprep the eternal nose and face, extend the prep from the hairline to the shoulders and down to the table at the sides of the neck. list the order in which drapes will be placed: towel, 1/2 sheet , U drape incision : hemitransfixion incision, counts when performed ? before surgery, and after specimens: tonsill , and septumPostoperative patient care considerations; pain medication , no lifting , no running potential complications ; bleeding , infection , difficult breathing wound classification; clean contaminated class 2 24. The patient was placed on the operating room table in the supine position. After adequate general endotracheal anesthesia was administered, the right and left nasal septal mucosa and right and left inferior turbinates were anesthetized with 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine using approximately 10 mL. Afrin-soaked pledgets were placed in the nasal cavity bilaterally.The face was prepped with pHisoHex and draped in a sterile fashion. A hemitransfixion incision was performed on the left with a #15 blade and submucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the Cottle elevator. Anterior to the septal deflection, the septal cartilage was incised and an opposite-sided submucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap was raised with the Cottle elevator. The deviated portion of the nasal septal cartilage and bone was removed with a Takahashi forceps, and a large inferior septal spur was removed with a V-chisel.Once the septum was reduced in the midline, the hemitransfixion incision was closed with a 4-0 Vicryl in an interrupted fashion ( note, using a heaney needle holder with tissue with teeth, and suture finished off with a metzenbuam scissor). The right and left inferior turbinates were trimmed in a submucous f ashion using straight and curved turbinate scissors under direct visualization with a 4 mm 0 degree Storz endoscope. Hemostasis was acquired by using suction electrocautery.The turbinates were then covered with bacitracin ointment after cauterizing them and bacitracin ointment soaked Doyle splints were placed in the right and left nares and secured anteriorly to the columella with a 3-0 nylon suture ( note, using a heaney needle holder with tissue with teeth, and suture finished off with a metzenbuam scissor). A butter knife was inserted and turned 360 in the nose to check if the patient has enough space to allow for breathing. The table was then turned. A shoulder roll placed under the shoulders and the face was draped in a clean fashion.A McIvor mouth gag was applied. The tongue was retracted and the McIvor was gently suspended from the Mayo stand. The left tonsil was grasped with a curved Allis forceps, retracted medially, and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery. The tonsil was removed from the superior pole to inferior pole using a Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in a subcapsular fashion. The right tonsil was grasped with a curved allis, in a similar fashion, retracted medially, and the anterior tonsillar pillar was incised with Bovie electrocautery.The tonsil was removed from the superior pole to inferior pole using Bovie electrocautery in its entirety in a subcapsular fashion. The inferior, middle, and superior pole vessels were further cauterized with suction electrocautery. The extremely edematous portion of soft palate was resected using a right angle clamp and right angle scissor and was closed with 3-0 Vicryl in a figure-of-eight interrupted fashion , ( note, using a heaney needle holder with tissue with teeth, and suture finished off with a metzenbuam scissor).Copious saline irrigation of the oral cavity was then performed. There was no further identifiable bleeding at the termination of the procedure. The estim ated blood loss was less than 10 mL. The patient was extubated in the operating room, brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. There were no intraoperative complications. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=kUOAhZOkgEg http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=1gnxNgP8xO4

A Beautiful Mind Essays - Princeton University, A Beautiful Mind

A BEAUTIFUL MIND This is a true story about a man by the name of John Nash Jr. who was discovered to have paranoid schizophrenia in his adult life. The story starts with Nash as a student at Princeton University. In a scene where John arrives at Princeton to commence his studies, one of the patterns through his point-of-view shot was when John connects his vision of effulgent lemons, a punch bow, and the pattern of a fellow student?s tie. In this sequence and others in the film, John uses flashes of light in his pov shots to point out his recognition of significant patterns in the world around him, such as the magazines and newspapers lighting p when he thinks he has discovered a code. In another scene, John visits a top-secret regime center to decipher a code captured from the Soviets. In 1947, John attends Princeton University; his goal at this time is to come up with a great original mathematical theory. In 1953 his goal, he thinks is to help the Amalgamated states find a bomb, supposedly being bult by the Soviet Almagamation. He also ends up getting married in this year as well. John is working at M.I.T. and this is when his schizophrenia is full blown. He thinks he is a spy working for the department of Defense. His goal is to decipher, how to deal with his schizophrenia. He culminates up back at Princeton and convinces his old friend, Martin Henson to give him a job. His goal at this time is to get out in the real world and later on to be a teacher/Professor. He culminates up winning the Nobel Prize for his game theory. John defiantly has lots of obstacles and problems to confront. His first was when he was asked to play that board game with a schoolmate, Martin Henson. I feel he was asked by Martin to prove to the other men that John wasn?t as smart as he made out to be, plus to get back at John because, when he first met Martin he fulminated him. He then endeavored to fit in with some friends by peregrinating to the bars with them. John had to come up with a theory quickly or risk not being appointed a position with an important company. He finally does, and then acceded to work with the Department of Defense as a spy. It was very hard on him to endeavor to keep this regime information a secret from his coworkers and his girlfriend/wife, Alicia. Because of her insistence he goes back to the University and meets his old friend Martin and asks him for a job, so that he can, not only get back in the public, but to commence dealing with his illness. He has an abundance of drawbacks during this time, b ecause he still visually perceives his imaginary people, but perseveres and ends up being able to ignore these people and acquire a teaching job. In 1994, he is told that he is up for the Noble Prize and he meets one of the men from the Noble Prize review board. This man verbally expresses he has come to interview him. While john Nash and the interviewer are chatting, one of the professors come up and lays a pen down in front of him. Soon all the professors in the room were putting pens on the table in front of him. Helinger told John when this transpires it signifies a professor knows he has earned the prestige of his colleagues, that he has been accepted. He does culminate up winning the Noble Prize; John just wanted to be recognized for something important dealing with mathematics and this does become a reality. When he first gets to Princeton, he is in his room by himself and he was looking out his window. He witnessed an abundance of schoolmates with groups of people. John was a loner and had verbally expressed he did not like people and they did not like him. He suddenly turns around and Charles is their claiming to be his roommate. It seems whenever he had too much going his friend Charles suddenly appears. It meant to me that he

Comparison and Contrast JB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison and Contrast JB - Essay Example I was sub-divisional police officer of the town, and in an aimless, petty kind of way anti-European feeling was very bitter† (Orwell). Once locals came to him and reported that one of the elephants in the market brawls: he had the pairing period when these usually peaceful animals become aggressive. One of the workers was killed, thus the elephant must have been also killed. The police officer Blair took the gun and ran to the market. Having seen an elephant, which, seemingly, already calmed down and was peacefully eating the bush, he aimed, but something stopped him. At last Eric Blair killed the elephant, but felt neither pleasure, nor pride. The mask of "white mister", fortunately, never suited him. He accuses the imperialism and the relations set by it of the death of the elephant: â€Å"All this was perplexing and upsetting. For at that time I had already made up my mind that imperialism was an evil thing and the sooner I chucked up my job and got out of it the better. Theoretically – and secretly, of course – I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British. As for the jo b I was doing, I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear† (Orwell). But the quoted fragment concerns not only the relationship of colonialists and colonized. Orwell was able to feel and understand the mood of the masses, described the important psychological connection between the crowd and the leader. Between those who are given the power like the British police officer in a Burmese solitude, and the masses, which observe with interest how this person will dispose of what he was given. Not only observes, but also expects and demands. Eric Blair didnt want to kill the elephant, but couldnt prevent this and had to do that. Another person in his place, on the contrary, would make it with pleasure, to confirm the status. The Orwells story is

Leadership Theories in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Theories in Organisations - Essay Example There are various theories that explain how entities are led to achieve company’s objectives. Trait approach theory, skills approach theory, transformational leadership theory, situational approach theory, style approach theory, contingency approach theory, path-goal theory and psychodynamic theory are leadership theories to be analyzed. The area of focus is leadership in the construction industry. Sir Michael Latham, Sir John Egan and Ray O’Rouke (Build 2008) have been identified as leaders in the construction industry. According to Chartered Institute of Building (2008), UK’s construction industry does not have highly influential leaders. Trait leadership approach suggests that personal characteristics dictate success and effectiveness of a leader. According to Daft (2007 p. 38), intelligence, honesty and patience are some of the personal characteristics that must be possessed by all leaders. Creativity, self confidence, higher levels of energy, height, self ap pearance, knowledge, speech fluency, popularity, sociability, persistence, hard work and desire to excel are some of the key traits that define leaders (West and West 2006 p. 98; McNeal 2010; Griffin P. 473). In addition, simple acts of kindness can make one a strong and reliable leader (Maxwell & Littleton 2001).Trait approach theory presumes that leaders are born and not made. This theory approach does not seem consistent with the construction sector in the UK. This is because the sector lacks highly influential leaders yet it presumes that leaders are born and not made. Does it mean that of all the employees in the construction sector, there is no single natural leader? It is not possible in the whole industry not to have a single person with all or most of the personal attributes that makes one a natural leader. Most leaders and managers in the construction industry were above forty three years of age. If leaders were born, then the industry could have

Short Response to event Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short Response to event - Assignment Example For business communication seeking partners and collaboration in order to achieve some goal is priority. Audience was allowed to communicate in a dialog to members of software companies only before presentation speeches. I talked to some of them, asking questions, gathering information and trying to make contacts, but real interest and good questions logically appear after you’ve heard a presentation speech and understood the subject. But it was jury only allowed to ask speaker questions, so to another part of the audience the main part of the event was a monolog and we were listeners. I suppose that means audience wasn’t considered like a business partner on this event, so jury and App software companies were only interested in each other, and it makes sense according to the kind of event. But I think audience should be allowed to ask questions, because in business you need to think wider. A company can not win the prize pool, but there are potential partners in the au dience, maybe. As a rule audience in such kind of events is professional orientated and someone could be interested in your project, or your company may hear an interesting question and find a partner itself. So I think taking audience into account is important, so I will in my future career. The entire event was pretty much verbal: speakers from App software companies proclaimed speeches 10 minutes long and then answered jury’s questions, audience were listening and we all were wearing tag sticks on our chest with information we had put there etc. I was involved in nonverbal communication nodding as a response on verbal communication, shaking hands with members of software companies I talked before presentation, I was slapping hands etc. About the same did the rest of the audience and jury. Speakers used gestures, voice intonations and posed themselves differently to look confident and professional etc. But mostly I was interested in short videos that were shown as a part of

Evaluate the empirical evidence on the predictability of excess stock Coursework - 2

Evaluate the empirical evidence on the predictability of excess stock returns using technical analysis - Coursework Example There exist two means of evaluating a stock to make investment decisions. These include fundamental analysis and technical analysis. Fundamental analysis deals with studying the company in details and making the characteristics that make its value identified for decision-making. Technical analysis on the other hand looks at the factors of supply and demand. Technical analysis considers the application of the study on the market factors of the company, their effects on the price and factors of demand and supply. Technicians pay attention to the prices of the market and make predictions based on their understanding of the effect that information may have on the stock. They depend on the market efficiency hypothesis in making their decisions. To obtain a full view of market inefficiency, one needs to obtain returns over a long span to evaluate a company’s performance since stock prices changes slowly as per information provided (Fama, 1997, p.284). The changes sometimes close to zero providing no effect unless huge funds are invested in the counter to provide the power of quantity. The market of technical analysis depends on the market anomalies though may not provide a good picture of the actual market position. The use of information to determine the ability of the stock to provide massive returns to the investors is tricky and may at times provide misleading information to the investors. The use of a different approach to technical analysis that considers the studying of the model that describes the cash flows of the firm discounted by pricing aspects may deliver a positive correlation between the current returns expected and the past returns that the firm made (Johnson, 2002, p.585). Understanding this and applying it in the analysis to top up on the market and price study of the technical analysts would provide confident answers to predicting a stock’s

Prosecuting Violators of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Essay

Prosecuting Violators of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law; and The Merits and Limitations of the International Criminal Court (ICC) - Essay Example The researcher states that although international jurists may not agree entirely with this argument, an actual discontent should go with an examination of theoretical perspectives which are believed to offer answers to these stubborn issues. Apparently, humanitarian and human rights law do not provide simple solutions as to how to deal with violations of the fundamental human rights of people in times of crisis. They embody judicious efforts to implement norms which ideally will become unanimously recognized and support the international community in its assessment of, and response, to these crimes. The international community has been triumphant in establishing an agreement on numerous norms in the areas of humanitarian and human rights law. There is at present a solid set of laws, even though it evidently does not cater to every crisis or include every region. This code of rules will be raised to change as the problems confronting the international community assume new forms. Certa inly, the implementation of the Statute of the International Criminal Court is a sign of the pace at which several sectors of international law are evolving. ... The primary purpose of the formation of an international criminal court was to change a tradition of immunity for the perpetration of severe crimes, which has thrived and remains in existence significantly, with a tradition of liability. The formation of an international criminal court is in several contexts the finale of a chain of international attempts in such path. Nevertheless, those attempts have usually been unsuccessful for different causes, and, at any rate, have been greatly discriminating. The Tokyo and Nuremberg Tribunals, after the Second World War, expressed genuine confidence for the tradition of liability, but the facts of the cold war aftermath immediately surfaced. The idea that individuals and states perpetrating the most serious violations of human rights law should be prosecuted disappeared, and a tradi tion of immunity resurfaced. The discourse about the competence of international committees should be situated in a more enduring point of view. The influence of newly formed institutions like the informal committees cannot justly be weighed against that of established organizations like the International Court of Justice (ICG) and the Security Council (SC).

The use of vaginal examinations in assessing progress during the first Essay

The use of vaginal examinations in assessing progress during the first stage of labour - Essay Example During the first stage of labour, which begins with the onset of regular uterine contraction, it plays instrumental role in assessing the progress made in labour. It provides information about the cervical effacement and dilatation, descent , position and attitude of the fetus. But it may also give rise to certain problems like infections, premature stimulation of cervix, premature rupture of membranes and women find them uncomfortable. The approach used by midwives to vaginal exam further adds to the problems. While undertaking these exams, they become inconsiderate towards the feelings of the women and in their attempt to deliver a healthy baby ignore their professional ethics , which requires them to provide a supportive, encouraging atmosphere for birth, respectful of the woman’s wishes. Although midwives acquire enough skill through practice and experience to use external signs to gain knowledge about the progress, still they consider it the most accurate method. This study revolves around vaginal examination at the onset of labour. It attempts to find the reason behind the frequent use of these interventions to assess the progress during first stage, despite its problematic nature. This report explores the necessity and effectiveness of the vaginal exams in assessing the progress. It brings to notice the problems faced by the women from vaginal examination and from the methodology used by the midwives in conducting them. It considers the alternative techniques that can be used instead of vaginal examination. This study takes into consideration the results of various researches done on vaginal examination during the labour. Vaginal examination is a complete

Macroeconomic Principles and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomic Principles and Policy - Essay Example A policy to fight a recession would need to take into account these numerous variables. One area that the government can control is the money supply. The Federal Reserve is tasked with monitoring and stabilizing the amount of currency in the economy. In recent years, they have accomplished this by controlling the interest rate. A lower interest rate will stimulate borrowing and investment. This will put more money into the economy as the money supply grows. As more money enters the economy, purchasing picks up and the economy grows and expands. However, the expanding economy also signals the potential for inflation. With high inflation, people have less purchasing power and the economy may falter dramatically. While controlling the money supply may be helpful, it is usually not a good long-term solution and should be used to stabilize and not control the economy. There could also be external factors that are working against the economy. High oil prices have taken money out of consumer's disposable income. Recent events such as natural disasters and inclement weather have also created hardships for consumers. The recent winter weather in the West devastated farmers while providing an additional blow of higher beef prices. There also may be cyclical pressures that are extending the recessionary period. This could be the result of a correction for the recent boom in the real estate market. Many borrowers were strapped with debt beyond their realistic means by below prime lenders. Credit card debt has also risen dramatically and consumers who are servicing these debts do so at the expense of their purchasing power. Global economics may have some effect on the flat GDP as more products are outsourced and offshored. While free trade agreements have made a system of corporate nations around the world, it has resulted in flattening the median income and created an underemployment situation in the US, which may contribute to a prolonged period of recession. This period may be exaggerated by mounting consumer debt and more difficulty managing it. All these events contribute to the consumer's negative outlook on the economy. It creates what Banik (2002) calls a climate of fear where the psychological behavior of consumers creates a cycle of recession. While 18 months may seem like a considerable downturn, with the right combination of external events and loss of consumer confidence, the recession could continue to hold back the economy for several more months. The Federal Reserve and the Money Supply The Federal Reserve (Fed) controls the money supply by controlling the reserves that banks are required to hold against deposits. By buying and selling US Treasury securities, the Fed controls the amount of reserves and therefore the money supply. With more money in reserve, banks are free to loan out more money. They also control what is known as the currency component. It is a smaller portion of the money supply that deposits and withdraws currency from banks. Together with the reserve deposits, these two factors make up what is known as "high powered money" (Schwartz 2002). Interest rates are another method that the Fed has used to control the money supply. "In recent decades the Federal Reserve...interpreted a rise in interest rates as tighter monetary policy and a fall as easier monetary policy" (Schwartz 2002). This is a method of controlling the demand for money by making it

The foghorn and the sea Raiders Essay Example for Free

The foghorn and the sea Raiders Essay Thought (Hugin) and Memory (Munin) were the two ravens that went unto the world to observe and return to tell of what all men do, Driven by further search for knowledge, Odin begged Mimir, the wise, to allow him to drink from the well of wisdom, for this he consented to lose an eye. Wounded I hung on wind swept gallows For nine long nights, Pierced by a spear, pledged to Odin, Offered myself to myself: The wisest know not from whence spring The roots of that ancient rood. They gave me no bread, they gave me no mead: I looked down; with a loud cry I took up the runes and I fell. (The Elder Edda 56) Here we find Odin once more sacrificing himself for knowledge, In The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology it is said that Odin actually died on the gallows of Yggdrasil, that he traversed Nifleheim, or Hel in order to obtain the nine sacred runes, that seem to be extremely powerful as described in The Elder Edda. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology adds yet another theory to Odin hanging himself, The parallel between Odins voluntary death on Yggdrasil and the crucifixion remains striking. Odin was pierced with a spear and like Christ, cried out before he died there is little doubt that his hanging on the cosmic tree had pre-Christian origins and derived from ancient pagan worship. Odin had long been the god of the spear, the god of the hanged. This could definitely be determined as less than speculation, seeing as we must rely on our sources and to this point one could say that this is a very valid and well thought out work. Regardless of minor differences in text again we must as they did default ourselves to the larger span of information. There were two different groups of gods in Scandinavian Mythology, The Aesir and the Vanir. Each having their own respective dwelling place, Asgard for the Aesir, and Vanaheim for the Vanir. Of the two, The Vanir have been said to be the older. Unlike the warrior Aesir, the Vanir were a race of gods associated with fertility, wealth, and good weather. (The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology 500) Among the Vanir were, Njord, the sea and fortune god, Skadi, the god of destruction, Freyja, the goddess of love, and Freyr the god of Fertility. Among the Aesir were, Odin, Balder, Bragi, Forseti Heimdall, Hodr, Thor, Tyr, Vili, Ve, Vidar, Frigg, Sif, and Idun. At one point in time there was a great war between these two branches of gods, yet both the Aesir, and the Vanir came to terms by exchanging several prominent gods of each side. The Vanir sent Njord, Freyr, Freyja, and Kvasir, while the Aesir sent Mimir, and Honir. The Vanir soon found that they got the bad end of the deal due to the fact that Mimir was the only one who knew what he was talking about, and that in his absence Honir, wasnt really that bright. The Vanir then sliced of Mimirs head and sent it back to Asgard, where Odin used Powerful magic to allow Mimirs head to speak. Little else is known of the Vanir, they seemed to lose importance quickly after it was concluded that the war was resolved however it was noted that Vanaheim, was potentially unaffected by Ragnarok. This shows evidence of two religions colliding with Scandinavian and Germanic mythology. Revealing to us that Scandinavian mythology has most definately influenced by other ancient tales and stories. (Cherry, Vanaheim) Scandinavian mythology might have been the inspiration to several works of modern day literature. It is Nicole Cherrys opinion that Tolkien was very well acquainted with the northern mythos, as can be seen by the use of it in his books. The name of one of his main characters, Gandalf, is found in The Poetic Edda. Gandalf is, in some ways, reminiscent of Odin, the leader of the Norse pantheon. Even the name Middle-earth, the setting for Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings, comes from Norse mythology. There are several other modern day works of literature based on or derived from Scandinavian mythology as well, such as, The Ring of the Nibelung and The Nibelungenlied. These works, may well show the effect and legacy of Scandinavian Mythology in the World. Another notable element of Tolkeins Lord of The Rings was his use of the ring itself to the Viings the ring meant wealth honor fame and destiny. It was in fact a tradition to give rings to neighboring countries, bringing to notice the ever prominent focal point of the Lord of the Rings. (Day 29) There is no Heaven or Hell in Scandinavian mythology, the only hope is to be brought up to Asgard by a Valkyrie or Battle Maiden. Even then those chosen or the Einherjar (The Heroic dead) faced defeat at Ragnarok in the Final Battle on the Vigrid Plain. This may be unlike any other focal point of religion known. It reasons in many ways that the only way to gain honor is to die in battle unfaltering. Scandinavian Mythology, although comparable to other religions or other pagan beliefs is an original and unique work of the Norwegians, Swedish, Icelandic, and Danish peoples of Europe. Hamilton describes it justly by saying, Asgard, the home of the gods, is unlike any other heaven men have dreamed of. No radiancy or joy is in it, no assurance of bliss, it is a grave and solemn place, over which hangs the threat of inevitable doom the same is true for humanity this conception of life which underlies Norse religion, as somber a conception the human mind has ever given birth to A heroic death is not a defeat, but a triumph. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE JRR Tolkien section.

P2P File Sharing And Its Influence Essay Example for Free

P2P File Sharing And Its Influence Essay With the advancement of technology we have moved into the digital word, into the days when property transactions are physically tangible. Now property more specifically intellectual property sharing ha s become common and is done easily over the internet using. P2P file sharing software easily available over the internet. In corporate network where this is done by making use of file servers, but on the internet it is done through the peer-to-peer model where files are stored and shared over the personal computers of the person. Most people engaging in such activities both provide and download such files from the internet. In the P2P network uploading the file is not necessary you can easily share the file with a person. P2P allows clients to share files online throughout some unofficial network that can be provided by both the users using the same download software. File sharing gives you access to a wide variety of information. Copyrighted material, pornography or viruses are all just a click away. (Ardenghi, Jorge and Javier Echaiz) On a daily basis numerous users share files with each other online. Be it music, games, software’s, videos etc. Software that can connect people to each other is usually freely available. Although these software are freely available over the internet they come with great risk, for example when sharing files with users, the user can use the same program to access information which you do not mean to share with people over the network. You can also download copyrighted material that could put you into legal problems. Or you may unsuspectingly download pornography when it is named something else. Also sometimes closing the window may not actually close the program and this could actually put you into a greater security risk. These â€Å"always on† connections are an invitation for users and sometimes hackers and preachers to access your private information and use it to their advantage (Sebastian Rupley, pp. 1). Importance of P2P: P2P networking has generated load of interest over the internet in a very short span of time. Daily thousands of people become part of this network. P2pP software systems like Kazaa and Napster are the most highly ranked and most commonly available P2P programs. Several businesses and websites have been promoting â€Å"peer-to-peer† technology to be the future of the Internet’s world of networking Having existed for many years now, P2P technologies promise to radicalize the word of networking. Although P2P file sharing software has created a lot of controversy over the legality issues as well as its fair use (Erik, pp. 1). P2P sharing has become the single most famous internet application over the past 10-15 year. Although people see it as P2P file sharing rather than P2P networking. To access the world of P2P networking a user just has to install a suitable P2P client application. Several P2P software and P2P networks applications subsist. Some P2P functions work only with a single P2P system, while others functions cross-network. Similarly, some P2P networks sustain only one request, while others sustain numerous requests. The importance of P2P can be seen from the fact that daily a lot of people are entering into the world of P2P sharing. P2P allows for quicker file sharing between users and it has become the household name for computer users all around the globe (Erik, pp. 1). Every passing day the importance of P2P is increasing at a rapid speed. Important files are shared over a P2P network. This save a lot of time that is wasted in attempt to first uploading the file over the internet and then allowing for the user to download the files from the link. When the user’s computer acts as an online server there is no need to upload the material over the internet first for the other user to download it. Now the user himself can download or share the data directly from the other user’s computer. This has solved a lot of issues like shortage of space. Plus most P2P software allow for continuation of download in case the software collapses or if the link is broken for some reason. The file does not have to be downloaded over and over again. (Duchechene, Anne and Patrick Waelbroeck, 565-570) Meaning to the Average American: Today to the average American the use of P2P sharing for downloading songs, videos, software, game etc has become part of their household. Research has shown that 60% of the young Americans downloading things of the internet are over the age of 12 and are mostly in their teenage. The young American teenager has been affected the most the P2P sharing around the world as clearly shown by the stats (Scholastic, 10). It means a great deal to the average American for the simple fact that the average American is able to save a lot on the downloading of free music from over the internet, even though there is enough awareness over the internet as this being illegal. But still as long as you don’t get trapped who minds if it’s illegal. The average American downloads at least 20 files at an average on a daily basis using their P2P software. In America the most commonly used software is Napster which is accessible free over the internet. A typical American is involved more in downloading illegal stuff instead of making use of this advancement of technology constructively. This sharing method is being used somewhat constructively in business environments where important data is being shared without having to be uploaded. Also this method saves a lot of space on the computer and also saves a lot of valuable bandwidth and time from being wasted. In case of the average American this is just a way of downloading free music, software, games etc. The average American who makes use of the P2P network mostly belongs to the teenage. These individuals spend most of their time downloading free music which is mostly illegal as it is copyright material and people sharing such music should be punished. But most of the times these individuals who are sharing these files are not from the US but in fact belong to some country where piracy is not that big a crime or is not punishable. These people easily share pirated material over the sharing software and the average American is more than happy to make use of the material as it does not cost them money (Scholastic, 75). Mostly the average American is aware of the intellectual property rights and he also knows that it is an act which is punishable by the US law but still they do not refrain from illegal file sharing as it is cheap and it is hard to detect, and what is hard to detect is hard to punish. Most of the average Americans are also aware that this is theft of intellectual property rights and it is same as stealing from someone. As when the music is transferred using file transfer or P2P software, the singer or the real owner of the music does not get any loyalty for it. Also the average American uses it to download pornography. This is something that the average user of the P2P in America watches. These are young individuals who are still in their teenage (well at least over 60% of them are). These individuals firstly use the internet without supervision which gives them the authority to do whatever they like over the internet and with the advancement of the P2P software they do not have to search much, they just have to make use of their P2P software, search for the required item and there it is, ready for them to download and watch. The P2P software that is being used mostly does not have a restriction clause in them or do not warn viewer about the age limit before they download the files for viewing. The advance broadband internet technology also make it easy and quicker for these young P2P file users to download pornography and watch it, with the new software they can even stream it while it downloads. Influence of P2P on American Pop culture (music, movies, TV shows etc) The birth of pop took place in the downtown sanctions of New York City at the end of the disco era. The new age music caught the attention of those MCs, who were capable of lyrically painting tapestries of anecdotes that were witty and stylized autobiographies. A pop prodigy was accompanied by a DJ who was able to produce a unique sound to go along with the lyrical flow. The beginning of Pop began when the Music composers introduced a DJ and tried to keep the attention of the crowd when introducing the next DJ. Before long this became a common practice where an MC was performing with a particular DJ, one example is Will The Fresh Prince Smith and DJ Jazzy Jeff. In 1979, a huge fan following for pop had developed along with entry of new comers, which secured the hold of pop on the music industry. In 1990 gangsta rap a sub-category of pop was developed. A lot of argument was made on the lyrics used as encouraging brutality, promiscuity and the utilization of drugs. The culture of pop is a challenging culture to some extent. It is a way to express the fight in opposition to the ethnic unfairness against the white Americans. So this makes it a way of expression for the African Americans and obviously a defending act for the way to communicate for their racial differences. A P2P computer system utilizes assorted connectivity of users and accumulative bandwidth rather than sharing resources provided by low number of servers. The important thing in understanding a P2P network is that all customers offer equivalent resources. Computer users with the same type of P2P application can remotely access each others hard drives and can share files Such a network is useful in many purposes, mostly known for file sharing containing audio, video or any kind of data available in digital format. One of the oldest and commonly known P2P file sharing software is Kaaza. Its file trading music tool was the number one search engine of 2003 as music and multimedia continues to dominate Americas online mindshare as reported this week by tech news world. Nowadays, it’s clear that Kaaza and other such software’s are most popular mainstream culture for file sharing. The problem with this is that music and all the other industries are worried that why would anyone actually pay for an album or a movie when anyone and everyone can get it online for free. Sharing of movies, music albums and TV shows is becoming very common among amateurs. One influence this has on American culture is that some books or movies which are for specific age are now available to children of all ages as keeping a tap over their downloading activities has become impossible. Now a thirteen year old kid can easily get any rated movie by just giving the wrong information about his age. The culture is tied together by the links. Culture from all around the world have borrowed and also contributed to the jargon of pop and also changed the meaning of some words to fit their own use. Some consider the language of pop to be rude, sexist, violent, focusing on the darker aspects of the society, and also considered as being nothing more than a bunch of babble. But being able to climb the tower of babble; making use of the process of abstraction, will help us understand as to why the language of pop has become so forceful in today’s society. Abstraction is the process whereby we reach a point where we ignore a great amount of stimuli and focus on a limited few; classifying it according to the characteristics and the reality of our experiences through a unique filter system which is influenced by our cultural and personal experiences. Possible P2P copyright violation and security problem: Numerous studies have shown that sharing of file has had an unconstructive blow on record sales. As already discussed Sharing of movies, music albums and TV shows is becoming very common among amateurs. Such distribution hardly brings any income to the producer. One biggest possible copyright violation problem brought in my P2P networks in another such network known as Anonymous P2P network in which users are anonymous by default. This P2P network is specially becoming famous due to many reasons including data retention and lawsuits against bloggers. Such networks may also hold appeal to user who wishes to share copyrighted files like music movies etc. Users who normally use anonymous P2P networks usually require secrecy as to the contents they put on sharing which may my include material which is not only illegal but also incriminating. One of the first P2P system, Napster was shut down in 2001 by some major entertainment firms on the basis that as these file sharing system made it possible to not only share files but also to make illegal copies of copyrighted material while others are still running. According to survey conducted by MPAA, the movie industry lost around 6. 1 billion which is 75% higher than they predicted. In the US alone the movie studio’s lost 1. 3 billion in 2005. Unauthorized services that allow data as free download to other users such as songs, music and movies is blamed for falling sales. Security problems that arise by P2P networks can cause companies to lose millions worth of source code due to disguising files using P2P technologies. P2P covering tools, such as Wrapstar (a freeware service which can cover a . zip file with corporation resource code, as an MP3 of a song hit) as a result an accessory outside the company can use Morpheus to download the disguised file. To the companies security this looks like a common transaction, even if the company has frowned upon employees using P2P in music sharing without a clue that their company has just been robbed, and possibly millions worth of software has been lost. Another security risk involving P2P networking allows your network to be open to various forms of attack, break-in, and espionage. P2P does not carry new virus to the system, just common threats such as virus attacks and worms. One major risk of P2P network is unconsciously allocating files that are confidential. (Banerjee, Anirban, Faloutsos, Michalis, and Laxmi Bhuyan, 1273-1275) Laws kept up with changing technology: Private property is mainly known as the original way to present ideas, may it be the symbols and words. All this is represented as products or services of an individual. Music is also included in such a property. Copyright defines the rules for ones owned property. May it be novels or poems, films or musical works? These all are includes on literary and artistic works. Artist work can include the photography, paintings, illustrations, sculptures or drawings or any kind of architectural designs. Copyrights are compulsory on any kind of trademarks or patents. P2P is the mainly notorious action on the internet these days. The industry now is using latest strategies; including advising ISP’s (internet service providers) to slash off the accounts of customers who are common sharers of files. Gaspary, Luciano Paschoal, 4797) According to the FCC, the federal law is desecrated if vulgar programming is aired at any time. The contents are ought to be obscene, when it succeeds throughout 3 divided checks. Concerning modern principles to a usual individual, it has to be created, as an entire, attractive to the prurient attention; portray or illustrate, i n a deliberately unpleasant technique, sexual behavior particularly classified by appropriate regulation; and deficiency of severe legendary, imaginative, supporting, or methodical importance. The FCC has described transmit offensiveness as language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory organs or activities. (M. Fattah, Hassan, pg 44). It does not, however, augment to the echelon of vulgarity. Conclusion: When it comes to downloading software, it is easily done through P2P software. Using the P2P software the average American also downloads software for free, software for which in normal circumstances they have to pay a fee. This too is an illegal activity but something that has not been looked in to as deeply as the issue of the download of illegal music using the P2P software. This is mainly because the download of music over the internet is something that is measurable and not a lot of average American users are interested in downloading software from the internet. Although all good things come with some disadvantages, p2p sharing is one of them. It is very easy to just search up files and download the. But it is an illegal act. Because many files are copyrighted, and since there rights are preserved, it is ethically wrong to go against them. American pop culture is affected in such a way that, many people take the disadvantage of it, but breaking the official rights of the music. Pop music is now a culture in many countries. This culture is effecting the youth in such a way that they are now more in to bad deeds, rather than right ones. â€Å"Intellectual property illustrates nicely that property is a legal right rather than a physical thing. Intellectual property applies to allow owners to exclude others from intangible resources like certain secrets that businesses have, the copying of various creative expressions, and the reproducing of inventions and marks that identify the producers of goods and services. Property is a legal right to exclude, not a physical thing, and the object of a property copyright includes the reproduction of music for commercial profit. The market resource is diminished for the copyright owner when file sharers misappropriate music

Female Social Roles In Victorian Literature

Female Social Roles In Victorian Literature During the period between Victorian and modern age, female social roles have changed significantly; however, they still have remained some convention inherited from its previous generation. To examine women and society of their time, Charlotte Brontà « in nineteenth century and Virginia Woolf in twentieth century could provide the reflection in a clear and realistic way. However, there are similarities and differences in female social roles in their ages. The aim of this study was to compare and contrast Brontà « and Woolfs portrayal of women and their contemporaries in terms of professions, marriage, and awareness. It is concluded that even though the Victorians pioneered to give the emancipation of women, they were hardly abandon the domestic marriage in Brontà «s fiction. On the other hand, Woolf had claimed women rights should be developed by economic independence, but she did not deny matrimony. This may be interest feminists, socialists and literature readers, especially who want to know more about women modern times. Contents Abstract Introduction 1. Working Women in the Literature of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf 1.1 Similarities 1.2 Differences 2. Wives and Mothers in the Literature of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf 2.1 Similarities 2.2 Differences 3. The Awareness of Women in the Literature of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf 3.1 Similarities 3.2 Differences Conclusion References Introduction Female social roles have changed dramatically from Victorian age (1837-1901) to modern age (from twentieth century to the present), and literature would reflect in a vivid way the relation between women and their eras. Writers such as Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf are particularly influential on the literature and the contemporaries in Victorian and modern age. As the female writers, which are not valued in their generations, Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf have more closeness and concern to the women in their society. Before and at the beginning of nineteenth century, a model of femininity was the perfect lady, which was inherited as a Victorian ideal of women. Family and morality were the base of Victorian society, and girls were all taught to submit to the authority and matrimony (Vicinus 1972). The concept of The Angel in the House, which was referred to the embodiment of Victorian women, was prevail in the Victorian society. As a result, women in Victorian Age were regarded as incompatible and excluded in many professions. Showalter(1999) points out that the first professional activities of Victorian women are either in the home or in womanhood. From the nineteenth century, however, the prevalence of education attributed to the gradual rising incidence of working women. Besides, by the struggles of individuals and feminists, the obstacles to the entry into professions for women, whose exclusion and incompatibility in work had been debated, were removed in the beginning of twentieth century. (S windells 1985) Meawhile, the concept of morality and family was strongly suspected by the critics and feminists, who argue that there is no The Angel in the House. Within a century, not only female social roles but also female awareness had been emancipated from restraint, though some conventional notions had still remained. The purpose of this paper is to compare female social roles in Charlotte Brontà «s Victorian fiction and Virginia Woolfs modern literature in terms of three aspects: working women, wives and mothers, and awareness of women. Women and professions in Brontà « and Woolfs literature will be compared and contrasted firstly. Then the similarities and difference of married women their work will also be examined. Finally, how female consciousness is portrayed in their work and its development from Victorian to modern age will be discussed. 1. Working Women in the Literature of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf 1.1 Similarities Nineteenth century is a crucial period for modern age because of the gender attitude and practices and professional structure which people inherited were formed. Besides, despite of the fact that the entry of Victorian women with professions had not happened in significant numbers (Swindells 1985), the idea of professionalism in Victorian age also stimulates the inspiration of the contemporary novelist, Charlotte Brontà « and the modern writer, Virginia Woolf. Due to the fact that women have gained more access to education since the middle nineteenth century , both Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf have positive stance on women professions because women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do. (Brontà « 1985:141) Women and professions are presented in Charlotte Brontà «s novels. The most prevailing occupation for young girls in the middle-classes in Victorian Age is governess, as Charlotte Brontà «s Jane, the well-educated heroine, in Jane Eyre. To quote from Franà §oise (1974:155), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦she is completely free in her work, that her relations with her pupil Adele are goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, she deplores Adele French coquetry and frivolity. Mr. Rochester has enough books in his library for her teaching methods. In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « depicts the background of a governess life in her employers family. In Virginia Woolfs viewpoint, it was possible that women are kept away from academies and institutes, but women cannot be forbidden from using the pen, paper and writing desk. Katharine Hilbery in Virginia Woolfs Night and Day is the implication of her approval of female professionals. During the daytime, Katharine helps her mother write the biography of her grandfather Richard Alardyce, who is a well-known poet, and she develops her interest at night. In addition, Katharine Hilbery is expected to be a writer to inherit the talent of her family estate. Virginia Woolf uses Katharine as her idea of a feminist: marriage is not the only destination for women. As the incidence of working women has increased, writers as Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf create their own heroines concerning the relation between female and professions. Though they belong to the two generations that female capabilities are often denied, Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf share the same point that women can do as good as men in vocations. However, there are some different development of their novels which represent Victorian and modern ideologies of women who have jobs, and they would be discussed in the following section. 1.2 Differences In the late Victorian age, the conventional social roles of women, who start to demand their own welfare and seek for more constructive roles in society, met great challenges (Vicinus 1972). Therefore, there has been a rise of the number of women who have professions since Victorian age. In the literary work of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf, there are different implications and stances of working womens final outcome. Women in Charlotte Brontà «s fiction are affected by the ideology that marriage is the ultimate goal for women in Victorian age. Franà §oise points out that Jane in Jane Eyre, ends up by marrying after being independent and free for a time, and that she gives up the task of a tutor and enjoys the moral satisfaction. Jane also indicates that Victorian married women in working-class were still minority. Another heroine in Charlotte Brontà «s Shirley, Shirley Keeldar, who longs for pursuing an occupation, would never stray from the domestic model eventually: Caroline, demanded Miss Keeldar abruptly, dont you wish you had a profession a trader? I wish it fifty times a day. As it is, I often wonder what I came into the world for. I long to have something absorbing and compulsory to fill my head and hands, and to occupy my thoughts. Can labour alone make a human being happy? No; but it can give varieties of pain, and prevent us from breaking our hearts with a single tyrant master-torture. Besides, successful labour has its recompense; a vacant, weary, lonely hopeless life has none. (Brontà « 1977:235) This passage represents the confrontation of love and professions in Victorian age. Though Caroline wants to have a richer life by working, professions for her still cannot be prior to love and marriage. The function of work is to prevent us from breaking our hearts with a single tyrant master-torture. As Vicnus (1972:xi) pointed out, many young women suffered the pangs of unrequited or false love, as described by Caroline. On the other hand, Virginia Woolf claims that women must be economically independent to develop their professions. In A Room of ones Own, Virginia Woolf particularly points out the difficulties that women as vocational writers have met. The imaginary heroine, the talented Shakespeares sister, is neglected and rejected by the society. If she has the room of her own, her creativity would be valued. In Professions for Women, Virginia Woolf states her opinions after the beginning of womens liberation from work in early twentieth century: The whole position, as I see ithere in this hall surrounded by women practicing for the first time in history I know not how many different professions-is one of extraordinary interest and importance. You have won rooms of your own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men. You are able, though not without great labour and effort, to pay the rent. Your are earning your five hundred pounds a year. But this freedom is only a beginning; the room is your own, but it is still bare. It has to be furnished; it has to be decorated; it has to be shared. How are you going to furnish it, how are you going to decorate it? With whom are you going to share it, and upon what terms? (Woolf 1942:153) In the process of making the entry into the work, women had won their own rooms and five hundred pounds a year, which Virginia Woolf regarded as necessary. She considered professions for women as extraordinary interest and importance. The room, professional work, was no longer possessed only by men. Finally, women had the decision to furnish, decorate, and share the room. In sum, women in the beginning of modern age had strived for their rights to get the access to the professions, the innovation and great progress in female history. 2. Wives and Mothers in the Literature of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf 2.1 Similarities Since most of the literature of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf explore the relation between female and their contemporary era, marriage hardly fails to be neglected. Calder(1976:59) states, marriage [in Victorian age]was the core of social life and social aspiration. In the early twentieth century, modern society still remains the domesticity and morality inherited from Victorian age. Thus, female roles in the fiction of both Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf inevitably follow the conventions of the idea of marriage. Marriage is a social success in Victorian age, and being unmarried is considered the failure of womens lives. In Jane Eyre, Janes marriage with Rochester is domestic, with her total dedication to her husband. Jane is in the social doctrine that a Victorian woman should be all devoted to her husband and children, and that her duty is to provide a comfortable and domestic life for her mate On the hand, Caroline in Charlotte Brontà «s Shirley finds that an unmarried woman is doomed to be the victim of society, as shown by Miss Mann and Miss Ainsley. Single women are in the sacrificed social status, just like the homeless and unemployed people. (Franà §oise 1974) Similarly, Virginia Woolfs women are cast in a highly traditional mould and still confined to a female sphere'(Stubbs1979:233). Mrs. Ramsay in To the Lighthouse leads an well-ordered life and creates the harmony not only be giving birth to children but also by giving a peaceful life for them. In fact, the stability of the family is based on the nature endowing with life, the mother. In Mrs. Dalloway, Clarissa is the hostess arranging the party in her house, and she is also the symbol of the natural bond to the convention and society despite of the fact that her husband and her are an unequal couple. (Marder 1968) In sum, the ideas of marriage in the ages that belong to Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf are similar; that is to say, wives and maternity are the basis of stability and the core of domesticity. Nevertheless, Poovey (1988) has indicated that the Victorian subordination of one to another is always unstable, and the inequality can explain the emergence of the opposite, the various movement of feminists. The change of the structure and the ideology of family has implied in Virginia Woolfs later novel, Three Guineas. 2.2 Differences Marriage in Charlotte Brontà «s literature differs from Virginia Woolfs in terms of the womens subordination. In Victorian age, men control over women in relationship and matrimony, both of which are suggested in Charlotte Brontà «s Jane Eyre. However, this situation has changed in modern age, when masculine power has gradually eroded. Instead of staying in the masculine domination, people start to be suspicious of the value of marriage in modern age. Virginia Woolfs Three Guineas has indicated the decadence of family. In Jane Eyre, the theme of mastery of male power could often be seen. In Janes childhood, she is demanded to call John Reed my master. When she develops the relationship with St. John and Rochester, she insists on her personal will and freedom. However, she expresses her struggle and inability to avoid the domination of St. John: By degrees, he acquired a certain influence over me that took away my liberty of mind: his praise and notice were more restraining than his indifference (Brontà « 1977:423). As for Rochester, he completely masters Jane, not only as an employer but also a man. Jane says, for a moment I am beyond my own mastery (Brontà « 1977:272). She cannot resist the attraction of male domination from Rochester, even when she tries to escape from him. In the end, the rebellious and ambitious Jane submits to her master, Rochester, and finally becomes absolutely bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh. (Calder1976) In Virginia Woolfs opinion, unlike Charlotte Brontà «, marriage to women is a way to show subordination in masculine society. Once women are married, they lose their independence, self-identity and the bond with society. In Mrs. Dalloway, it suggests that its likely that women are the prisoners in marriage; nonetheless, Clarissa, the protagonist, still can feel at ease and find a way out in matrimony by arranging a party at home. May (1981:134) claims, Mrs. Dalloway is about degrees and kinds of relatedness and human beings to one another, varying from lonely madness to self-compromising sociability. Virginia Woolfs Three Guineas is based on her observation of the society. In the beginning, the Victorian family (the Pargiters) seems stable but gradually falls into decadence. Eventually the members of the three family have been separated, and many of them remained unmarried or even isolated. At the end if the story, the children and grandchildren gather in a party, which indicates th at time has brought the revolution and breakdown to traditional Victorian society. From the literary work of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf, we can discover the development of the idea of marriage from Victorian to modern age. Virginia Woolf, as a female writer, examines and criticizes womens role in marriage, which is an ultimate goal for Victorian women. 3. The Awareness of Women in the Literature of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf 3.1 Similarities More work opportunities provided for women were the implication of females awareness of the importance of economic independence. Therefore, independent heroines could be seen in Charlotte Brontà «s literary work in Victorian age (Vicinus 1972). Besides, they became the foreshadow of Virginia Woolfs modern literature. Independent heroines are often portrayed in their fiction. In Charlotte Brontà «s novels, Shirley and Jane Eyre, the outspoken main female protagonists are the models of women independence. Shirley Keeldar, who describes herself as a woman, and something more, is an economically independent woman in Shirley. In addition, Shirley also suggests that the dependent relation is always unstable and leads to misery. Like the workers to their owners, wives are maltreated and ignored. In Jane Eyre, Jane will not succumb to the reality, and it could be seen from her rebellion in childhood to her pursuit for knowledge and love in womanhood. Jane is not satisfied with the feeling of confinement: Then I longed for a power of vision which might overpass that limit; which might reach the busy world, towns, regions full of lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I desired more of practical experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ more of intercourse with my kindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Brontà « 1977:140). Franà §oise(1974) also points out that Jane does not deny her love for Rochester and that she confesses and attentively listens to his depiction of his story, as a result of her refusal to the traditional feminine roles: reliance, modesty and shyness. According to Showalter (1999), Janes running away from Rochester is her self-preservation. In Jane Eyre, as cited by Showalter (1999), Jane tells herself, I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself (Brontà « 1977:344). For her, action is always the way to independence. Franà §oise (1974) claimed that Charlotte Brontà «s heroines represented the female disobedience to conventional rules and the liberty of the Angel in the House. In modern age, Virginia Woolf also claimed the importance of being economic independent and having a room for ones own for women. As Virginia Woolf (1945:112) stated in A Room of Ones Own, the habit of freedom and the courage to write exactly what we think,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦then the opportunity will come and the dead poet who was Shakespeares sister will put on the body which she has so often laid down. If the room of ones own is a place for the feminine conference, which contains the authority, politics, and aggression in male world, it will be a grave, as Clarissas attic bedroom in Mrs. Dalloway. However, if it is a center combined with female tradition and culture; if people here make efforts to women independence, then Shakespeares sister, the future Virginia Woolf, may appear eventually. That female shares the equality with male is not a fantasy (Showalter 1999). In Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse, Lily, a female painter, eagerly wants to prove her ability to Charles Tansley, who claims that women cannot paint and write. She represents the women of independence and females desire of overtaking the gender boundary. Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf have indicated the female awareness and independence of their contemporary ages; however, it seems that Victorian women still fail to be separated from domestic marriage. The differences of Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolfs heroines in terms of female awareness will be examined in the following section. 3.2 Differences Though both Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolf have portrayed and declared their stances toward women awareness, they have endowed them with different characteristics and destinies suggesting the conventional notions in Victorian and modern age. In Brontà «s novels, however, female roles ultimately cannot avoid the bond of marriage, which is considered as the destination of Victorian women. On the contrary, Woolfs women would not always follow this pattern. Furthermore, she has pointed out the flaw of Brontà «s fiction. In spite of the fact that most of the heroines in Brontà «s novels are passionate, restless, and often contradictory in their inner world, they are often tied to matrimony at the end of the story. Both Brontà «s Jane Eyre and Shirley provide the evidence of convention that Virginia Woolf attacks. Love and marriage are significant ingredients in the literature in nineteenth century.In Jane Eyre, Jane is ambitiously desired to pursue the vastness of knowledge. Meanwhile, like Shirley Keeldar in Shirley, she can only contemplate marrying a man who can be her master (Calder 1976). Similarly, the two heroines in Shirley, Caroline and Shirley, hunt for independence; however, both of them quest for ideal mates as well. The pattern of Jane Eyre and Shirley is similar to some extent: those female protagonists have no choice but being dominated by men at last. In twentieth century, Woolfs Night and Day shows that womens consciousness has challenged the social notion concerning female roles and that marriage to women is not the only solution. Though being in the dilemma of the fact that if she should break the convention and disobey the expectation from her family, Katharine Hilbery can decide her own future. Besides, in Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own, she argues that Charlotte Brontà «s writing inherits masculine style, It was a sentence that was unsuited for a womans use. Charlotte Brontà «, with all her splendid gift for prose, stumbled and fell with that clumsy weapon in her hands (Woolf 2000:77). Virginia Woolf regards that literature has been authorized by men since ancient time; thus, masculine sentences are inevitable even in womens literary work. Showalter (1999) has expressed a similar view that female writers had been deprived of the language of their own style and the awareness of ambition, and their deprivation had extend ed from Victorias reign to the twentieth century. The delicacy and fastidiousness of Woolfs language is an expansion of this feminized style. Conclusion Charlotte Brontà « and Virginia Woolfs portrayal of female characters had reflected the female social roles in Victorian and modern age. In the transition between nineteenth and twentieth century, the womens ideology and the social norms had changed, while some of them still had been inherited. They were presented in Brontà « and Woolfs literature in a various and fascinating way. To compare and contrast women in the literary work of Brontà « and Woolf, the female roles in professions and marriage and their awareness were chosen. More and more women had had their vocations, which meant that they had the economic independence; however, Victorian women still could abandon it for marriage. Besides, it was discovered that while domesticity had been valued in both Victorian and modern age, people gradually had found the flaw of the subordination of wives. As for womens inner world, self-discovery and thirst for independence were both considered in Brontà « and Woolfs literature. Unlike Brontà «, Woolf had emphasized the significance of womens own income and feminine language. It is concluded that female had gained more freedom in modern age and that Virginia Woolf strongly supported the idea of gender equality and was optimistic toward the future women status.

American Public Education Essay examples -- School Education

The American public educational system is filled with an assortment of problems. Most students are graduating with less knowledge and capability than similar students in other industrialized countries. Classroom disruptions are surprisingly common, and in some classrooms, nearly continuous. The public education system is having difficulty adjusting to the no child left behind act. The No Child Left Behind(NCLB) is a landmark in education reform designed to improve student achievement and change the culture of American’s schools. The primary sponsors of NCLB were President George W. Bush and Sen. Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, a decades-long advocate for raising the quality of public education. This law was signed in 2001. Unfortunately not everything was taken into consideration for the long term affect. There needs to be a middle ground for individualized learning because each child learns at a different pace. According to LdPride.com there are roughly three different ty pes of learning styles ranging from visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Visual learners learn through pictures and visually stimulation. Auditory learners learn though sound and music. While kinesthetic learn through hands on material. So while you may have a teacher standing up giving history lessons though a lecture, only the auditory learns are really picking up what the lesson is.The education system should be one that meets the needs of the parents, the teachers, and the students. The view point of all involved should be taken into consideration through the entire process. During the last 10 years, there has been an explosion in our knowledge of ways in which humans develop and learn. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2002(NCLB) was initi... ...LB) was passed with strong bipartisan backing by the House of Representatives on December 13, 2001 by a vote of 381-41, and by the Senate on December 18, 2001 by a vote of 87-10. President George W. Bush signed it into law on January 8, 2002. America's Promise Alliance | 1110 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Suite 900 | Washington, DC 20005 The New York Times Dropout Rates for Minority Students Keep Rising in Cities Published: September 28, 1994 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2010). The Condition of Education 2010 (NCES 2010-028) 1990 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006, USA Phone: (202) 502-7300 U.S. Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings www2.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2007/03/03122007.html http://www.ldpride.net/learningstyles.MI.htm http://www.ndt-ed.org/TeachingResources/ClassroomTips/Learning_Styles.htm

Sonnet 64 of Spencers Amoretti Essay -- Spencer Amoretti Essays

Sonnet 64 of Spencer's Amoretti      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poets, in general, are fond of symbolism and figures of speech.   Instead of wallowing in the concrete and the obvious, it has always been the purpose of the poet to give "... to aery nothing a local habitation and a name."   The writers of love poetry are especially fond of imagery, metaphors, and similar devices, comparing their loved ones to such and such an animal or cosmic event.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is therefore of no surprise that 16th century sonnets employ many figures of speech when elaborating on the finer points of the subject.   Spenser, throughout his masterful Amoretti, is especially effective at drawing forth emotions;   from feelings of despair (employing symbols of storms and lost ships), through to feelings of passion (and symbols of fertility and love, such as flowers), and eventually even transcending mere mortal flesh and glorifying the sensual spirit of his love, Spencer's use of symbolism and figures of speech not only remains constant and sure, but also create an effective mood and set the proper tone.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His 64th sonnet is a fine example of well used symbolism, where his love is compared to a ripe and blooming garden, resplendent with glorious scents and flowers.   More importantly, perhaps, the sonnet also draws from a powerful Biblical background, drawing from the Song of Solomon (4.10-14).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After various troubles and desires and challenges, Spenser finally gets a much desired kiss from his love.   And as he draws in towards the woman's lips...    "Me seemd I smelt a gardin of sweet floweres   That dainty odours from them threw around   For damzels fit to decke their lovers bowres."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Her s... ...'s Amoretti, and of 16th century literature in general.   His use of symbols and of figures of speech not only evokes emotions, but creates the tone for the entire poem.   More importantly, however, was his mastery of the form; by being one of the true masters of his time, he not only gained immortality, he gained the ability to influence the poets of today, and help them in their quest to impress their friends, their teachers, and most importantly,... their lovers.       Sources Cited    Spenser, Edmund.   "Sonnet 64." in Norton Anthology.   Ed. M.H.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Abrahms.   New York: Norton, 1993.   735.    Shakespeare, William.   "A Midsummer's Night Dream" in The Riverside Shakespeare.   Ed. G.B. Evans.   Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974.   242.    "Solomon's Song." in The Holy Bible.   New York: The World Publishing Company.   587.    Sonnet 64 of Spencer's Amoretti Essay -- Spencer Amoretti Essays Sonnet 64 of Spencer's Amoretti      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poets, in general, are fond of symbolism and figures of speech.   Instead of wallowing in the concrete and the obvious, it has always been the purpose of the poet to give "... to aery nothing a local habitation and a name."   The writers of love poetry are especially fond of imagery, metaphors, and similar devices, comparing their loved ones to such and such an animal or cosmic event.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is therefore of no surprise that 16th century sonnets employ many figures of speech when elaborating on the finer points of the subject.   Spenser, throughout his masterful Amoretti, is especially effective at drawing forth emotions;   from feelings of despair (employing symbols of storms and lost ships), through to feelings of passion (and symbols of fertility and love, such as flowers), and eventually even transcending mere mortal flesh and glorifying the sensual spirit of his love, Spencer's use of symbolism and figures of speech not only remains constant and sure, but also create an effective mood and set the proper tone.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His 64th sonnet is a fine example of well used symbolism, where his love is compared to a ripe and blooming garden, resplendent with glorious scents and flowers.   More importantly, perhaps, the sonnet also draws from a powerful Biblical background, drawing from the Song of Solomon (4.10-14).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After various troubles and desires and challenges, Spenser finally gets a much desired kiss from his love.   And as he draws in towards the woman's lips...    "Me seemd I smelt a gardin of sweet floweres   That dainty odours from them threw around   For damzels fit to decke their lovers bowres."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Her s... ...'s Amoretti, and of 16th century literature in general.   His use of symbols and of figures of speech not only evokes emotions, but creates the tone for the entire poem.   More importantly, however, was his mastery of the form; by being one of the true masters of his time, he not only gained immortality, he gained the ability to influence the poets of today, and help them in their quest to impress their friends, their teachers, and most importantly,... their lovers.       Sources Cited    Spenser, Edmund.   "Sonnet 64." in Norton Anthology.   Ed. M.H.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Abrahms.   New York: Norton, 1993.   735.    Shakespeare, William.   "A Midsummer's Night Dream" in The Riverside Shakespeare.   Ed. G.B. Evans.   Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974.   242.    "Solomon's Song." in The Holy Bible.   New York: The World Publishing Company.   587.   

Wilderness Survival :: essays research papers

Whether you are simply going camping at a commercial campground, taking a short hike, or backpacking into a pristine wilderness area... be prepared. Never leave to chance those few articles that may become lifesavers. Above all, always let someone know your itinerary and the time you plan to return. The following is a list of items that should be included in a basic survival kit: bodyOffer(17619)You May Be Owed Unclaimed Money To Find Out, Enter Your Last Name Here: 1.Waterproof matches (stick matches in a 35mm film container) or a disposable lighter. 2.Fire starter 3.Rigid blade knife (Preferably serrated on one side of the blade) w/ sheath 4.Folding saw 5.Compass 6.Map of the area you are in 7.Signal mirror 8.Flashlight 9.Plastic tarp 10.50 to 100 feet of nylon cord (1/8 inch is adequate) 11.First aid kit 12.Coins for pay phones (here again a 35mm film container works well) 13.Full canteen 14.Emergency food rations 15.Water purification tablets/filter. 16.Fish hooks and fishing line 17.Police whistle 18.Toilet paper Fire: When starting a fire find dry wood. Use the inner bark of trees, or look for the dead branches at the very bottom of fir trees. These are dead because they were denied sunlight by the branches above them. These same branches have probably protected them from getting wet. Start your fire small and gradually increase its size. Tinder will greatly enhance your chance for success. Take small branches and shred then with a knife o r your fingers. You can use dead grass, bird’s nests, wasp nests (unoccupied of course), inner bark from dead trees, or a strip of cloth from the tail of your shirt. Use anything that will ignite quickly. Place this in the center. Around this, build a teepee of small dry twigs. Once this is burning, slowly feed your fire with larger and larger pieces of wood. Always making sure the fire is burning freely before you progress to a larger piece of wood. Once this fire is burning do not let it go out. bodyOffer2() Shelter: Do not make the mistake of trying to construct a large shelter. Make it just large enough to accommodate you. This is important, especially in cold climates, because you are going to have to heat it. Use the materials at hand. Dig out a pit and line it with something to insulate you from the ground. Your body heat can be lost very quickly lying on the bare ground. Wilderness Survival :: essays research papers Whether you are simply going camping at a commercial campground, taking a short hike, or backpacking into a pristine wilderness area... be prepared. Never leave to chance those few articles that may become lifesavers. Above all, always let someone know your itinerary and the time you plan to return. The following is a list of items that should be included in a basic survival kit: bodyOffer(17619)You May Be Owed Unclaimed Money To Find Out, Enter Your Last Name Here: 1.Waterproof matches (stick matches in a 35mm film container) or a disposable lighter. 2.Fire starter 3.Rigid blade knife (Preferably serrated on one side of the blade) w/ sheath 4.Folding saw 5.Compass 6.Map of the area you are in 7.Signal mirror 8.Flashlight 9.Plastic tarp 10.50 to 100 feet of nylon cord (1/8 inch is adequate) 11.First aid kit 12.Coins for pay phones (here again a 35mm film container works well) 13.Full canteen 14.Emergency food rations 15.Water purification tablets/filter. 16.Fish hooks and fishing line 17.Police whistle 18.Toilet paper Fire: When starting a fire find dry wood. Use the inner bark of trees, or look for the dead branches at the very bottom of fir trees. These are dead because they were denied sunlight by the branches above them. These same branches have probably protected them from getting wet. Start your fire small and gradually increase its size. Tinder will greatly enhance your chance for success. Take small branches and shred then with a knife o r your fingers. You can use dead grass, bird’s nests, wasp nests (unoccupied of course), inner bark from dead trees, or a strip of cloth from the tail of your shirt. Use anything that will ignite quickly. Place this in the center. Around this, build a teepee of small dry twigs. Once this is burning, slowly feed your fire with larger and larger pieces of wood. Always making sure the fire is burning freely before you progress to a larger piece of wood. Once this fire is burning do not let it go out. bodyOffer2() Shelter: Do not make the mistake of trying to construct a large shelter. Make it just large enough to accommodate you. This is important, especially in cold climates, because you are going to have to heat it. Use the materials at hand. Dig out a pit and line it with something to insulate you from the ground. Your body heat can be lost very quickly lying on the bare ground.

Interview with a Human Services Worker Essay

I chose to interview my mother. Her name is Barbara Lee and she works for the Riverside County Office of Education. She is an infant teacher of the deaf and hard of hearing. She has been working in her position for about 30 years and she still loves it! The human problems she works with are working with hearing impaired children and their families. There are both parent-child classroom settings and in-home settings. Some of the technologies used are hearing aids and auditory trainers. An auditory trainer is an electronic device that allow a person to focus attention on a speaker and reduce the interference of back round noise. I believe the model my mom’s position would exemplify would be Human Services, since she does teaching and parent support. A person involved with the agency by newborn hearing screenings, which refers newborn babies that have not passed his or her audiological screenings. Another way to be involved is by parent referral through Regional Center or other referrals from other infant programs. The rewarding part of Leslie’s job is that she can increase parent child communication, bonding, understanding and, overall developmental growth. She is also involved in making sure the child is placed in the appropriate program after the child turns 3. If Barbarba had the option to make a change in the program it would be to add a second class during the week. At the present time, there is only one class a week. The second class would be added after the child turned 2. Overall, she would like to provide more services for the children, but there unfortunately is not enough funding. The initial reason my mother started to work in the human services profession was because she felt there were not enough people that represented the deaf and hard of hearing. The college my mother went to which was Lewis and Clark University in Oregon had a well-known program for training teachers of the deaf. After all this time my mother still chooses  to work in the Human Services field because she feels that â€Å"working with young children provides increased family understanding in the development of the brain and communication abilities at an optimal time for both brain development and social connectedness† (B. Lee, personal communication, October 15,2010). Barbara Lee’s personal values impact on her performance because she believes in the positive spirit within individuals. She believes that the positivity can be used to promote positive human relationships within family situations. When my mother started the position years ago, she was unaware of the wide range of individual differences within families and cultures. Also how these differences affect family dynamics and how the role of cultural differences affect human interactions. Conclusion In conclusion, my mother loves her job and this is something that I am actually interested in doing. In these times, knowing sign language and specializing in deaf handicaps can in fact set one apart from the rest. Knowing that by seeing the babies once a week can really make a difference in their development is a big job that not everyone can handle. References Lee.B Personal Communication, October 15, 2010

Youth Today

Delivered by Barbara Streibl and Fatih Oezcan, Ban All Nukes generation Ambassador Cabactulan, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen Today at this historic NPT conference more youth are present than ever before. We came from all over the world to this year's Review Conference with a great notion of hope. This is a message we want to spread and gain momentum. We believe it is crucial that this positive and enthusiastic atmosphere will be maintained and transformed into a positive outcome. At this Conference we discuss disarmament, defence, deterrence, non-proliferation, sovereignty, security doctrines, technical issues and more. The main reason we pursue these negotiations is our common objective of security. At the heart of this security, which our governments work so hard to protect, is something even more important: life. We must ask ourselves: How can we best preserve and protect all life on this planet? What do we need to ensure the true fulfilment of the human rights our governments have committed themselves to? We would like to give you an impression of what we are talking about when we talk about life. Life is what matters. Our families and friends should be our motivation to abolish a weapon that could destroy their lives. We asked young people from around the world what they love in their lives. Today we have the pleasure to present you some of their answers. I love going to my football academy and scoring goals, I love my family and having dinner with them, and many more things – Ishaan Jha, 15 years from India I love my family. No matter what happens, they love me for nothing and I feel a special bond between us. I love them as well as I thank them. – Sumi Iyo, 25 years from Japan I love to cut, to glue and to draw. I love making things for my mum. – Gianna Sauer, 4 years from Germany What type of security do we need, to ensure the ultimate aim: preserving life? We know the question of security is difficult, there is a multitude of factors to consider; however, one thing is clear: nuclear weapons are not the answer to our problems. Their indiscriminate nature goes against the progress that has been made in the implementation of international human rights over the course of the previous century. All people are entitled to the right to life, and no nation can define others as unworthy of this right. By maintaining nuclear weapons, states have the ability to indiscriminately kill whole populations of peoples and render the environment uninhabitable for generations to come. In signing the UN Charter, states committed themselves â€Å"to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources†. Nuclear weapons provide none of this. Today, the money, technology and human intelligence that is being devoted to these instruments of death, could instead be devoted to the preservation of life. With other, more viable alternatives we don't see any need for any country in this world to maintain nuclear arsenals, to stick to nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants, to invest in arms and create toxic, radioactive waste, targets for terrorists and increase the risk of proliferation. A safer world and one without nuclear weapons must Civil Society Presentations—2010 NPT Review Conference—Youth eflect the principles of â€Å"our common future† and â€Å"our shared security†, a security that benefits every human being. Governments need to invest in human security by ensuring enough clean drinking water, sufficient food and access to necessary medical care. The world I want to live in is a world in which the countries of the global north will look at those of the global south as friends and partners who are deserving help. We need to gain mutual benefit and work together removing all that threats future generations. In the very least it is the kind of world I want my children to inherit. – Agyeno Ehase, 27 years from Nigeria As human beings we have the ability to be creative, so let’s not use our ability to destroy the world. Suzy Elwakeel, 26 years from Sudan â€Å"Save the earth, it’s our only source of chocolate! † It's a quote which can seem trivial, but it's true! We always speak about petrol which is running out, but we don't mind about what will be of us when many little things which seem insignificant will disappear†¦ flowers, insects, chocolate†¦ Let's think about it! Marie Orset, 20 years from France Our generation was born after the Cold War. We had nothing to do with the creation and proliferation of these weapons. The Cold war is over and humanity is facing new problems. These 21st century problems cannot be solved by 20th century weapons. We are young and we have new ideas. We are growing up in a globalized world, where modern communication and technology connects so many of us. Today young people have friends all around the world. People in other countries are no longer distant and strange enemies o us. We speak to them every day. Therefore we are able to build trust. We do not have to fear foreign cultures and religions. Weapons are not protecting us from potential enemies – they are creating them. But communication gives us the ability to bring down borders. Nuclear weapons are now 65 years old. Don't you think it's time for compulsory retirement? I love that the Dutch youth and a lot of European youth have the privilege not to have experienced war. Wouldn’t it be great if that remains that way and will be established for everybody? Franka, 26 years and Welmoed, 27 years from the Netherlands More than anything in my life I love those brief encounters with strangers that make me feel we are all in this together. – Kirsten Stromme, 23 years from Norway For me it is important that my family and I have a save future in a secure country. – Elena Sipachova, 21 years from Belarus The stability and security promised us by nuclear weapons is simply a facade behind which the awful truth resides. We, the young generation, have the courage to speak and act on the truth. The truth about the terrible effects of nuclear weapons, about the unacceptable and incalculable consequences of the future use of nuclear weapons, and the huge waste of human and financial resources, the harm to human beings, plants, animals and habitats, their contribution to the problem of climate change; and their potential to cause irreversible damage to all of us and future generations. We ask diplomats, experts, members of armed forces, public officials, and civil society, to have courage and to act on the truth. U. S. President Obama has pointed to the desired goal at the horizon: a world free of nuclear weapons. Civil Society Presentations—2010 NPT Review Conference—Youth Now is the time to make concrete steps. We call on all nuclear capable states to commit themselves to the goal of Global Zero. We have to abolish the threat of causing a humanitarian and environmental catastrophe in less than half an hour. The time to start serious negotiations on a framework of agreements banning nuclear-weapons must be taken these weeks here in New York. The ultimate goal must be a world where nuclear weapons are illegal and no longer exist. The way to reach this goal is a Nuclear Weapons Convention. Each year since 2005 we have stood here in front of you, asking and pleading for you to be reasonable and to think about our future, and not to leave us the legacy of fear, threats and death. We have seen no real actions or courageous leadership. So today, we ask once more for all states to begin real, honest and fruitful negotiations leading to a nuclear weapons free world. We do not want our governments to be in constantly hostile postures. We, the youth and we, the people want you to take us into account when you plan our future. We must remember that the decisions taken this month do not only have an impact on us, but on the future of your children, the future of our children and grandchildren. Now this is what counts and why it is up to all of us, to change hope into reality. We thank you for your attention. And we and all future generations will thank you for abolishing nuclear weapons.